birth: 1852
location: Texas
death:
location:
father: Thomas Kidd
mother: Susan
1860 census
1870 census
Brownsboro School Board Shooting - 1960
Monday, January 30, 2017
Joyce Fay Kidd Richardson
birth:
location:
death:
location:
father: Coleman Kidd
mother: Patsy Jo Moffiet
spouse: Worsham
spouse: Richardson:
burial
obituary
children:
location:
death:
location:
father: Coleman Kidd
mother: Patsy Jo Moffiet
spouse: Worsham
spouse: Richardson:
burial
obituary
children:
Uncle Buster - obituary
Coleman Buster Kidd, 86, of Chandler, died Monday evening, January 23, 2017 in Tyler, Texas with family by his side. He was born on December 17, 1930 in Brownsboro. He was the son of Coleman and Bertha Kidd.
A celebration of life will be held Thursday, January 26, at 10:00 AM at the First United Methodist Church in Chandler with Rev. David Luckert and Rev. Bryan Harkness officiating. Visitation will be held Wednesday, January 25th from 6-8 PM at the funeral home. Burial will be in Chandler Memorial Cemetery under direction of Chandler Memorial Funeral Home.
He was raised on a farm near Brownsboro and lived most all of his life in the Chandler/Brownsboro area. He married the love of his life Patsy Moffeit Kidd on October 1, 1949 and together they made a loving home for them and their four children. He was a self employed builder/contractor.
Coleman was preceded in death by his mother and father, Coleman and Bertha Kidd, his precious wife, Patsy Moffeit Kidd, a daughter, Joyce Faye Richardson, and his grandson, Terry Lee Kidd. He was also preceded in death by his brothers, Earl, Paul, Neal, Jack, Verdon, Holland, Elton, and Bill Kidd. His sisters, Louise Gideon, Marlene Parker, Era Welch, Johnny Olson, Juanita Strickland, and Evelee Morman.
Mr. Kidd is survived by daughter, Anita Pollard and husband Sam of Chandler, sons, David Kidd and wife Kay of Chandler, Joe Kidd of Chandler, grandchildren, Tracy Delagarza and husband Raul of Chandler, Tammy Kidd of Chandler, Trista Thomison and husband Ty of Chandler, Shanda Booth and husband Tom of Chandler, Lyndie Wangler and husband Chris of Sunnyvale, Coleman R. Kidd and wife Lindy of Bullard, Cody Kidd and wife Elyse of Brownsboro, Landon Kidd of Troup, Samantha Kidd of Chandler, 16 great grandchildren and three great great grandchildren.
He will always be remembered of his infectious smile and his deep love for his family. Rarely was he ever seen without being dressed in his cowboy hat and his well shined boots. This tall handsome cowboy has now gone home to be with his heavenly Father.
Pallbearers will be grandsons, honorary pallbearers are Dan Moffeit, Jim Moffeit, Luster Kidd and Greg Kidd.
The family wishes to extend gratitude to the staff of Dr. Thomas Buzbee, staff of Briarcliff Nursing Home and memory care, and special gratitude to Nicky Black, Michelle Earle, and Anita Anthony.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the First United Methodist Church of Chandler Building Fund, 507 N. Broad St., Chandler, TX 75758.
Published online in the Tyler Morning Telegraph, January 24, 2017.
A celebration of life will be held Thursday, January 26, at 10:00 AM at the First United Methodist Church in Chandler with Rev. David Luckert and Rev. Bryan Harkness officiating. Visitation will be held Wednesday, January 25th from 6-8 PM at the funeral home. Burial will be in Chandler Memorial Cemetery under direction of Chandler Memorial Funeral Home.
He was raised on a farm near Brownsboro and lived most all of his life in the Chandler/Brownsboro area. He married the love of his life Patsy Moffeit Kidd on October 1, 1949 and together they made a loving home for them and their four children. He was a self employed builder/contractor.
Coleman was preceded in death by his mother and father, Coleman and Bertha Kidd, his precious wife, Patsy Moffeit Kidd, a daughter, Joyce Faye Richardson, and his grandson, Terry Lee Kidd. He was also preceded in death by his brothers, Earl, Paul, Neal, Jack, Verdon, Holland, Elton, and Bill Kidd. His sisters, Louise Gideon, Marlene Parker, Era Welch, Johnny Olson, Juanita Strickland, and Evelee Morman.
Mr. Kidd is survived by daughter, Anita Pollard and husband Sam of Chandler, sons, David Kidd and wife Kay of Chandler, Joe Kidd of Chandler, grandchildren, Tracy Delagarza and husband Raul of Chandler, Tammy Kidd of Chandler, Trista Thomison and husband Ty of Chandler, Shanda Booth and husband Tom of Chandler, Lyndie Wangler and husband Chris of Sunnyvale, Coleman R. Kidd and wife Lindy of Bullard, Cody Kidd and wife Elyse of Brownsboro, Landon Kidd of Troup, Samantha Kidd of Chandler, 16 great grandchildren and three great great grandchildren.
He will always be remembered of his infectious smile and his deep love for his family. Rarely was he ever seen without being dressed in his cowboy hat and his well shined boots. This tall handsome cowboy has now gone home to be with his heavenly Father.
Pallbearers will be grandsons, honorary pallbearers are Dan Moffeit, Jim Moffeit, Luster Kidd and Greg Kidd.
The family wishes to extend gratitude to the staff of Dr. Thomas Buzbee, staff of Briarcliff Nursing Home and memory care, and special gratitude to Nicky Black, Michelle Earle, and Anita Anthony.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to the First United Methodist Church of Chandler Building Fund, 507 N. Broad St., Chandler, TX 75758.
Published online in the Tyler Morning Telegraph, January 24, 2017.
Sunday, January 29, 2017
Ornamentalism by David Cannadine
Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their
Empire by David Cannadine attempts to satisfy the question: How did the
British see their own empire from the mid-nineteenth century, through Queen
Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee in 1896, and ending with Queen Elizabeth II’s
Coronation in 1953? Cannadine examines the beginnings of the Empire and all of
her localities, and describes the several ways in which British aristocracy
propelled the ornamented image of Britain throughout those places and back to
England.
As
an English historian and writer, Cannadine also brings a personal aspect to Ornamentalism: Cannadine considers
himself a “Coronation child” as he was a three-year-old English boy at the time
of Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation (183). Not only that, but Cannadine’s father
served in the British Empire’s Royal Engineers between 1942 and 1945. The elder
Cannadine’s imperial experience in India certainly left a profound influence on
the author, who used his father’s recollections to piece together a boy’s superficial
idea of empire (184). Despite his personal familiarity with the British Empire,
Cannadine asserts that he “was not drenched in empire” (198).
In contrast with authors such as
Edward Said and Karl Marx, Cannadine strays from the usual scholarship that
suggests the British Empire was arranged by racial superiority and inferiority.
Unlike Said’s Orientalism, where it
is argued that British imperialism exhibited a subtle and persistent prejudice
against Arab and Islamic peoples, Cannadine argues that the British Empire was
concerned with the familiar and domestic, but also the varied and the exotic.
Imperialism consisted of understanding and reordering foreign dominions,
colonies, and mandates into analogous and equivalent constructs (xix).
Essentially, the British Empire was arranged hierarchically by social status
and position. The concept of individual social ordering versus collective
racial identity sets Cannadine as a historian far apart from his
contemporaries.
Cannadine
points out two models of social stratification that would manifest under
British imperial expansion. The first model mentioned by Cannadine was the
expansion of British social hierarchy as an anti-hierarchical social
revolution. When the American colonies were initially settled, the English
pattern of social hierarchy was evident. There were great country estates,
mansions, an aristocratic-ruling class, all exhibited by a clear social
stratification. Abolition in the nineteenth century only served to reinforce
the hierarchical view of society. Slaves would be free, but they would remain
at the lowest rung of American society. Eventually “anti-hierarchical impulses
won out, and the country was launched on a non-British, non-imperial trajectory
of republican constitutionalism and egalitarian social perceptions” (15).
The second
model was a transoceanic replication and encouragement of Britain’s existing
social hierarchy. In Britain, those of the highest social prestige undertook
local government and aristocrats at the top of the social hierarchy wielded the
power (11). Imperialism took this hierarchy to Britain’s vast colonies,
dominions, and mandates. Using India as an example, Cannadine points out that
the native regimes and hierarchies of India were considered backward, inefficient,
and despotic by the British. Many elite Britons felt that these existing
hierarchies could be cherished and preserved. The resulting replication and
expansion of British ornamentalism of the Raj was undoubtedly one of the most
ostentatious and grandiose realms on earth.
Analogous
with India, Australia, Canada, and other dominions employed the British model
of social hierarchy. British transplants in Canada continued the layered and
established social structure and they exhibited an exaggerated regard for
British traditions. Notions of rank and respectability were important there
(29). In Australia, Cannadine explains how British transplants continued with
traditions from the motherland, such as dueling, coats of arms, genealogy, and
obsessions with pedigrees (28). In order for the these new settler dominions to
successfully retain the English mark or hierarchy, an aristocratic thread
needed to be present. Both Canada and Australia exhibited this thread by displaying
fealty towards Britain eagerly desiring and accepting honors and hereditary
distinctions. With their replicated social hierarchy and esteemed British
traditions, settler dominions and colonies demonstrated the need for
unprecedented British grandeur, pomp and circumstance, and projected an image
of order and authority, thus legitimizing British rule (18).
One
way Cannadine supports an aspect of his thesis that Britain’s social hierarchy
was divided by class and not race, is his treatment of the colonies in the
British Empire, specifically Malaya, Fiji, and Africa. As part of Imperial
policy, Britain would govern the colonies, not settle them. Using governors and
colonial secretaries Malaysians accepted British residents and advisors using
the Indian model of hierarchy. Similarly, indigenous Fijian chiefs and leaders
were considered on the same social level as aristocratic Englishmen. When the
Hon. Arthur Hamilton Gordon served as colonial governor of Fiji, he “codified
chiefly authority and entrenched aristocracy as the established order through
which the British would govern indirectly” (59). Gordon sought to preserve
indigenous influences in support of British authority (61). In Africa, it was
obvious that maintaining indigenous hierarchies and supporting the native
rulers at the top of society would be the clearest way for the British Empire
to govern the new lands. Cannadine maintains that even in Africa, instead of a
social hierarchy based on race, the admiration of the dark-skinned Africans led
to a recognition of indigenous genius instead of perpetual inferiority (67). As
a result, African traditions were able to survive, and the British model of
class hierarchy flourished.
An
important way that elite Britons viewed their society was through ornamentalism
in the form of honors and titles. Using honorific inventiveness in the dominions,
colonies, and mandates, the British Empire was able to promote and encourage
traditional hierarchies. Rewards and honors were considered an essential
component of the British social structure based on hierarchy (87). It was
assumed that Indians cared a great deal about recognition in the form of awards
and honors, and as such the British Empire created and bestowed thousands of
titles on members of Indian aristocracy (89). This sense of Britishness, tied
together through ornamentalism and an ordered imperial society, reinforced the
elaborate system of honors and titles that began in metropolis England,
extended to the periphery of the Empire, and back to the metropolis.
In
addition, the British Empire came to exude ornamentalism through elaborate
ceremonies and occasions. These public ceremonies were opportunities for
distant monarchs to pledge fealty and pay tribute to the British Empire (112).
Combined with regular and routine observances, ornamentally ostentatious public
ceremonies were “globally inclusive, elaborately graded, and intrinsically
royal” affairs (105). They afforded a pervasive sense of royalty.
However
celebrated the British Empire was in distant lands, Cannadine offers that there
was a difference between theory and practice. Never as fully socially
hierarchical as the Britons who governed and collaborated in the Empire, the
colonies, dominions and mandates were also a system of exploitation for those
who were titled and rich. Some distant lands were never economically similar to
Britain, which therefore produced a society less unequal and less layered.
Critics of the British hierarchy tended to be on a different social level than
those at the top: urban, middle-class, educated, colonists on the periphery of
the Empire. There, on the periphery, hostility to hierarchy and empire bloomed
(140). Dominion leaders may have coveted imperial titles and honors, but that
did not translate into their nation’s dependence. Many leaders on the periphery
of the British Empire recognized the need to move away from the traditional
British connection. Titles and honors did not make aristocracies (141).
By
1950 the position of British rule in the dominions had been fundamentally
altered. Cannadine argues that because the British Empire had been created and
envisaged based on hierarchical consistency and social subordination, it is no
surprise that the Empire was finally undermined by the politics of nationalism
and the ideas of equality (154). Ornamentalism faded into abandonment and
desuetude. There were deliberate repudiations of royalty and empire. By Queen
Elizabeth II’s Cornonation, three years after the birth of Cannadine, the
monarch was no longer the empress of India or the Ruler of British dominions
beyond the seas. Instead, she was bestowed with the title, “Head of
Commonwealth” with no social preeminence or constitutional standing (158).
I
think Ornamentalism is especially
important in the historiographical debate surrounding the creation, heyday, and
decline of the British Empire because Cannadine is able to offer a contrasting
theory on the structure of the Empire. His idea that the Empire was constructed
on social hierarchy divided by caste instead of race is a bold declaration when
compared to the accepted research that the Empire was separated by race. The
ornamentalism exhibited in the Raj certainly provides abundant evidence that
society was chiefly concerned with social adornments, aristocracies, and
wealth. My only criticism of Cannadine is his proximity to the subject.
However, given his astute use of journals, literature on the subject, and
thorough research, this is quickly overcome. One is able to read Ornamentalism for what it is: a clear
social history of the British Empire’s social hierarchy.
Friday, January 27, 2017
Unit 1 Discussion
What does Cannadine understand as “ornamentalism” and how
does he apply this concept to the British empire?
Cannadine uses “ornamentalism” to describe how the British viewed
their own empire. From the mid-nineteenth century, through Queen Victoria’s
Diamond Jubilee in 1896, and ending with Queen Elizabeth II’s Coronation in
1952, Britain experienced overseas expansion and imperial domination through
which imperial hierarchy expanded across the growing empire. I think the social
construct of British hierarchy forms the basis of how Cannadine understands ornamentalism.
A layered social hierarchy allowed the British to bestow
titles, awards, peerages, and honors on natives of conquered dominions and colonies
and on British governors, viceroys, and wealthy citizens. Canada, for example, held
an exaggerated regard for British traditions, had a layered and established social
structure, and maintained notions of rank and respectability (29). For their part,
the British saw an eagerness for hereditary distinctions and honors as vital to
the new settler colonies and dominions. In India, the British took what they
considered an established social order based on class, and preserved and
promoted a similar hierarchy to their own (41). There, too, honors were a way
to promote and encourage traditional hierarchy. That India was generally village
living and princely-led fit right in with the established social hierarchy in
Britain (45).
It was in India were ornamentalism took on an even more
exotic meaning. In pomp and circumstance ceremonies in India far-exceeded
British rituals. The image of India as glittering, ceremonial, layered and
traditional was protected and projected by the British (51). Cannadine uses descriptions
like ostentatiously ornamental, brilliantly displayed, splendor, and
pretentious to describe India’s ordered and ornamental regime and ceremonies.
Sort
of on a tangent, I would like to mention Britain’s continued ornamentalism in
the form of modern rituals. The wedding of Kate Middleton to Prince William was
broadcast around the globe, and I can hardly think of another ceremony more
ornamented than their wedding. The pomp, pageantry, uniforms, etc. all carry
forth Britain’s ornamentalism even though the British Empire as it once was is
no longer in existence. Kate and William’s son, George, was born on the same
day as my son (July 22, 2013). When they were born, I read where if you had a child
born on the same day in England the royal couple sent silver pennies to your
family. I wanted a penny so badly even though I live in Texas!
Friday, January 20, 2017
George Tom Fulgham
birth: July 21, 1866
location: Cass County, Texas
death: January 13, 1928
location: Texas
father: Marquis de Lafayette Fuglahm
mother: Catherine Smith
spouse: E Alice Moseley
1870 census
1880 census
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
burial
children with E Alice Moseley:
location: Cass County, Texas
death: January 13, 1928
location: Texas
father: Marquis de Lafayette Fuglahm
mother: Catherine Smith
spouse: E Alice Moseley
1870 census
1880 census
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
burial
children with E Alice Moseley:
William Edmond Fulgham
birth: December 31, 1861
location: Georgia
death: December 28, 1912
location: Texas
father: Marquis de Lafayette Fulgham
mother: Catherine Smith
spouse: Elizabeth Ruhama Huddle
1870 census
1880 census
marriage to Elizabeth Huddle - 1882
1900 census
1910 census
burial
children with Elizabeth Ruhama Huddle:
Lottie Fulgham - 1886
Ivy Thomas Fulgham - 1888
Dora Ella Fulgham - 1892
Lonnie Fulgham - 1894
Cary Vinson Fulgham - 1896
Levey Nolan Fulgham - 1900
location: Georgia
death: December 28, 1912
location: Texas
father: Marquis de Lafayette Fulgham
mother: Catherine Smith
spouse: Elizabeth Ruhama Huddle
1870 census
1880 census
marriage to Elizabeth Huddle - 1882
1900 census
1910 census
burial
children with Elizabeth Ruhama Huddle:
Lottie Fulgham - 1886
Ivy Thomas Fulgham - 1888
Dora Ella Fulgham - 1892
Lonnie Fulgham - 1894
Cary Vinson Fulgham - 1896
Levey Nolan Fulgham - 1900
William Edmond Fulgham - 1910 census
1910 census
location: Van Zandt County, Texas
date: April 26-27, 1910
William E Fulgham head male white 48 married - 27 years Texas
Elizabeth Fulgham wife female white 52 married - 27 years 9,4 Texas
Ivy T Fulgham son male white 22 single Texas
Dora E Fulgham daughter female white 18 single Texas
Cary V Fulgham son male white 13 single Texas
Nolan L Fulgham son male white 10 single Texas
Catherine Huddle mother-in-law female white 77 widowed 5, 2 Virginia
"United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MRQ3-GKW : accessed 20 January 2017), William E Fulgham, Justice Precinct 7, Van Zandt, Texas, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 120, sheet 7A, family 120, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 1596; FHL microfilm 1,375,609.
Year: 1910; Census Place: Justice Precinct 7, Van Zandt, Texas; Roll: T624_1596; Page: 7A; Enumeration District: 0120; FHL microfilm: 1375609
location: Van Zandt County, Texas
date: April 26-27, 1910
William E Fulgham head male white 48 married - 27 years Texas
Elizabeth Fulgham wife female white 52 married - 27 years 9,4 Texas
Ivy T Fulgham son male white 22 single Texas
Dora E Fulgham daughter female white 18 single Texas
Cary V Fulgham son male white 13 single Texas
Nolan L Fulgham son male white 10 single Texas
Catherine Huddle mother-in-law female white 77 widowed 5, 2 Virginia
"United States Census, 1910," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MRQ3-GKW : accessed 20 January 2017), William E Fulgham, Justice Precinct 7, Van Zandt, Texas, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) ED 120, sheet 7A, family 120, NARA microfilm publication T624 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1982), roll 1596; FHL microfilm 1,375,609.
Year: 1910; Census Place: Justice Precinct 7, Van Zandt, Texas; Roll: T624_1596; Page: 7A; Enumeration District: 0120; FHL microfilm: 1375609
William Edmond Fulgham - 1900 census
1900 census
location: Van Zandt County, Texas
date: June 11, 1900
Edmond W Fulgham head white male Dec 1861 38 married - 17 years Texas farmer
Lizzie Fulgham wife white female Nov 1857 42 married - 17 years 9,5 Texas
Lottie C Fulgham daughter white female Oct 1876 18 single Texas
Iva T Fulgham son white male Feb 1878 12 single Texas
Dora E Fulgham daughter white female Jan 1892 single Texas
Cary V Fulgham son male white Nov 1896 3 single Texas
Levi N Fulgham son white male Jan 1900 single Texas
Catherine Hudall mother-in-law white female May 1832 widowed Virginia
"United States Census, 1900," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M35K-KWD : accessed 20 January 2017), Edward W. Fulgham, Justice Precinct 7 (voting precinct 11), Van Zandt, Texas, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 136, sheet 8A, family 94, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,241,675.
location: Van Zandt County, Texas
date: June 11, 1900
Edmond W Fulgham head white male Dec 1861 38 married - 17 years Texas farmer
Lizzie Fulgham wife white female Nov 1857 42 married - 17 years 9,5 Texas
Lottie C Fulgham daughter white female Oct 1876 18 single Texas
Iva T Fulgham son white male Feb 1878 12 single Texas
Dora E Fulgham daughter white female Jan 1892 single Texas
Cary V Fulgham son male white Nov 1896 3 single Texas
Levi N Fulgham son white male Jan 1900 single Texas
Catherine Hudall mother-in-law white female May 1832 widowed Virginia
"United States Census, 1900," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M35K-KWD : accessed 20 January 2017), Edward W. Fulgham, Justice Precinct 7 (voting precinct 11), Van Zandt, Texas, United States; citing enumeration district (ED) 136, sheet 8A, family 94, NARA microfilm publication T623 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1972.); FHL microfilm 1,241,675.
W E Fulgham and Elizabeth Huddle marriage
location: Van Zandt County, Texas
date: December 21, 1882
"Texas, County Marriage Records, 1837-1965," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV1C-VRSD : accessed 20 January 2017), W E Fulgham and Lizzie Huddle, 21 Dec 1882, Marriage; citing Van Zandt, Texas, United States, various county clerk offices, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Texas Dept. of State Health Services and Golightly-Payne-Coon Co.; FHL microfilm 1,578,918.
date: December 21, 1882
"Texas, County Marriage Records, 1837-1965," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QV1C-VRSD : accessed 20 January 2017), W E Fulgham and Lizzie Huddle, 21 Dec 1882, Marriage; citing Van Zandt, Texas, United States, various county clerk offices, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Texas Dept. of State Health Services and Golightly-Payne-Coon Co.; FHL microfilm 1,578,918.
Wednesday, January 18, 2017
John Honeycutt
birth: February 1857
location: Louisiana
death: April 1905
location: Louisiana
father: Isreal Honeycutt
mother: Sarah
spouse: Nancy Cornelia Thomas
marriage to Nancy Cornelia Thomas - 1878
1880 census
1900 census
burial
children with Nancy Cornelia Thomas:
Beulah Honeycutt - 1878
Samuel M Honeycutt - 1880
Thomas Honeycutt - 1882
John Honeycutt - 1884
Frank Honeycutt - 1886
Sarah Honeycutt - 1888
Julia Honeycutt - 1888-90
Ollie Honeycutt - 1892
Ruth Honeycutt - 1895
Cyrus Honeycutt - 1898
location: Louisiana
death: April 1905
location: Louisiana
father: Isreal Honeycutt
mother: Sarah
spouse: Nancy Cornelia Thomas
marriage to Nancy Cornelia Thomas - 1878
1880 census
1900 census
burial
children with Nancy Cornelia Thomas:
Beulah Honeycutt - 1878
Samuel M Honeycutt - 1880
Thomas Honeycutt - 1882
John Honeycutt - 1884
Frank Honeycutt - 1886
Sarah Honeycutt - 1888
Julia Honeycutt - 1888-90
Ollie Honeycutt - 1892
Ruth Honeycutt - 1895
Cyrus Honeycutt - 1898
John Honeycutt and Cornelia Thomas marriage
location: Ouchita Parish, Louisiana
date: April 12, 1877
Hunting For Bears, comp.. Louisiana, Marriages, 1718-1925 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
date: April 12, 1877
Hunting For Bears, comp.. Louisiana, Marriages, 1718-1925 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
Tuesday, January 17, 2017
Jungle Laboratories by Soto Laveaga
Laveaga, Gabriela Soto Jungle
Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill.
Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
Jungle
Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill by Gabriela Sota Laveaga traces the political, economic,
and scientific development of the global barbasco industry from its 1950s-boom
years, to the decline in the latter part of the twentieth century. A wild yam
that invasively grows in rural areas of southern Mexico, barbasco and its
extract, diosgenin, made possible the mass production of steroid hormones like
progesterone and cortisone, and leading to the manufacture of oral
contraceptives. Despite their elite knowledge of and manual labor harvesting
the root, it was many years before Mexican peasants understood the financial
and scientific value of barbasco. The scientific community’s reliance on rural
Mexican’s knowledge upended a social hierarchy that had been in place for
hundreds of years. Eventually rural Mexicans were able to utilize their
scientific knowledge to mediate with transnational pharmaceutical companies, to
approach the Mexican government for terms, and to alter how they were regarded
by urban Mexicans.
A
commodity chain analysis is a way of isolating and identifying aspects of
historical change along the route that the commodity takes from production to
consumption. In the case of barbasco, the commodity chain begins when Mexican
peasants harvest the barbasco root from southern Mexico. Initially, picking the
barbasco root was a form of ancillary income for the peasants. If peasants
happened to see barbasco growing on their way home then they would pick it up.
However, as the demand for barbasco grew, up to 25,000 families or 100,000
individuals would make a living by harvesting the barbasco root. The jungle
conditions where barbasco grew were hazardous. Barbasco pickers reported
venomous snakes and swarms of insects, not to mention the hot, tropical
environment. In addition, the dangers of machetes were notorious, as the long,
sharp knives were used constantly to clear the dense jungle flora.
Once
picked and removed from the jungle, the commodity chain of barbasco moved to
collection sites where the root would undergo basic chemical changes by
fermentation and drying. The resulting barbasco flour had to be spread out over
concrete slabs and dried by the sun. The flour also needed to be agitated to
ensure consistent drying. Once dried, the barbasco flour was packed and shipped
to laboratories in other parts of Mexico, the United States, and Europe.
Laboratories
and scientists continued the chemical processes to yield diosgenin. Diosgenin
is the precursor of steroid hormones like progesterone and cortisone.
Progesterone was the original basis for oral contraceptives, which put Mexico
on the map in the steroid hormone industry. Employed by Syntex, one Mexico’s
leading pharmaceutical companies, Luis Ernesto Miramontes was able to
synthesize an orally efficient progesterone contraceptive. The Pill
revolutionized population control by allowing female reproductive systems to
avoid contraception. The rural Mexican peasants had no idea that the barbasco
they picked and sold to middlemen was turned into a pill used globally by
millions of women.
The
abundant availability of raw barbasco in Mexico made it possible for Mexican
chemists and technicians to generate original and significant scientific
research. Studying a plant that was innately Mexican inspired a sense of
nationalism. Mexico created an entire industry around barbasco, with
laboratories and other facilities created specifically for steroid hormone use.
Mexican scientific nationalism can also be seen at the lowest rung of
barbasco’s commodity chain. Barbasco pickers and campesinos were all proud of
barbasco and their work, even when they did not understand why international
companies demanded the weed. Fidel Santiago Hernández proudly described how he
had been hired as a “chemist” at a barbasco processing plant. Many Mexicans
viewed employment in the barbasco industry as a secure, dignified, and esteemed
occupation.
Amidst the barbasco boom, the United
States as a scientific and pharmacological stronghold had to contend with
Mexico and its emerging competence in science, as well as the only place where
barbasco proliferated. Even when Syntex was sold to a United States company,
the barbasco root was still grown in Mexico and, increasingly, regulated by the
Mexican government. United States’ expansionism became a question of legal
matters, like patents, and not territory. Mexican presidents Miguel Alemán and
Adolfo Ruiz Cortines both issued protectionist measures and legislation to
protect the economy surrounding barbasco. Foreign demand for barbasco permits
ushered in the Mexican government’s domestic laboratory, Farquinal, responsible
for the manufacture of diosgenin.
Several
factors surrounding barbasco changed throughout its medicinal demand and
subsequent decline including agriculture and economics. With regards to
agriculture, in the beginning of the barbasco boom peasants left a part of the
root in the ground for regeneration. Combined with the slash and burn
agricultural technique, barbasco continued to flourish. However, towards the
end of the barbasco boom fewer pickers would leave even the smallest pieces of
the root in the ground. Many in Mexico wondered if the barbasco would last. The
Commission for the Study of the Ecology of Dioscoreas was a research group
funded by transnational pharmaceutical companies in collaboration with the
Mexican government and Mexican scientists to regulate and obtain information on
barbasco and its ecology. Foreign companies understood the importance of
researching barbasco in order to ensure the continued supply of the scientific-
and financially-valuable raw material. This led to the change in economics by
Mexico establishing Proquivemex, the parastatal company intended to challenge
transnational pharmaceutical companies and protect campesinos. Proquivemex was
established in 1975 during the administration of populist president Luis
Echeverría Álvarez.
Echeverría
had high hopes for Proquivemex. Ideally Proquivemex and its jungle laboratories
would serve as the link between Mexican peasants who harvested barbasco and the
transnational pharmaceutical companies who needed diosgenin. Within ten years,
Echeverría planned to produce medicines at a fair price for all Mexican
citizens. Another goal was that the middlemen of the barbasco industry would
one day have a significant role in the company and control of barbasco production.
However, when Echeverría left office, Proquivemex was beset with a funding
crisis and dwindling interest, especially from the new administration. The
jungle laboratories were abandoned and the barbasco industry in Mexico dried
up.
Diosgenin-filled
arbasco still grows in the jungle region of southern Mexico and the legacy of
the barbasco boom years still lives on. Barbasco created the development of the
steroid hormone industry and paved the way for Mexico to become a major factor
in the global pharmaceutical industry. However, the failures of Echeverría’s
populist regime and the social issues surrounding Mexican peasants and
harvesting barbasco, as well as new scientific sources of steroid hormones, led
to the weed’s subsequent medicinal decline and demand.
Thursday, January 5, 2017
Cora Lee Edmondson Larson
birth: October 13, 1878
location: Texas
death: January 27, 1971
location: Jacksonville, Cherokee County, Texas
father: C E Edmondson
mother: Mariah Caroline Howell
spouse: Abraham Larson
1880 census
marriage to Abraham Larson - 1896
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
1930 census
death
burial
children with Abraham Larson:
Bulah Estelle Larson - 1898
Joseph Jefferson Larson - 1900
Edward Larson - 1902
Grace Larson - 1909
Lewis Emanuel Larson - 1911
Gwendolyn Larson - 1916
location: Texas
death: January 27, 1971
location: Jacksonville, Cherokee County, Texas
father: C E Edmondson
mother: Mariah Caroline Howell
spouse: Abraham Larson
1880 census
marriage to Abraham Larson - 1896
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
1930 census
death
burial
children with Abraham Larson:
Bulah Estelle Larson - 1898
Joseph Jefferson Larson - 1900
Edward Larson - 1902
Grace Larson - 1909
Lewis Emanuel Larson - 1911
Gwendolyn Larson - 1916
Caroline Edmondson - 1880 census
1880 census
location: Smith County, Texas
date: August 24, 1880
Caroline Edmondson white female 40 widowed keeping house Texas
William Alexander white male 19 son single farmer Texas
Margaret Alexander white female 16 daughter single domestic service Texas
Helen King white female 10 daughter single Texas
Edward King white male 8 son single Texas
Cora Edmondson white female 3 daughter Texas
Year: 1880; Census Place: Smith, Texas; Roll: 1326; Family History Film: 1255326; Page: 170A; Enumeration District: 096
location: Smith County, Texas
date: August 24, 1880
Caroline Edmondson white female 40 widowed keeping house Texas
William Alexander white male 19 son single farmer Texas
Margaret Alexander white female 16 daughter single domestic service Texas
Helen King white female 10 daughter single Texas
Edward King white male 8 son single Texas
Cora Edmondson white female 3 daughter Texas
Year: 1880; Census Place: Smith, Texas; Roll: 1326; Family History Film: 1255326; Page: 170A; Enumeration District: 096
Cora Lee Larson - death
date: January 27, 1971
location: Jacksonville, Cherokee County, Texas
"Texas Deaths, 1890-1976," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K367-XY2 : 5 December 2014), Cora Lee Larson, 27 Jan 1971; citing certificate number 01206, State Registrar Office, Austin; FHL microfilm 2,223,071.
location: Jacksonville, Cherokee County, Texas
"Texas Deaths, 1890-1976," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K367-XY2 : 5 December 2014), Cora Lee Larson, 27 Jan 1971; citing certificate number 01206, State Registrar Office, Austin; FHL microfilm 2,223,071.
Abe Larson - 1910 census
1910 census
location: Cherokee County, Texas
date: May 12, 1910
Abe L Larson head male white 45 married - 12 years Norway retail grocer
Cora Larson wife female white 31 married - 12 years 7, 4 Texas
Bulah E Larson daugther female white 11 single Texas
Joseph J Larson son male white 9 single Texas
Edward N Larson son male white 7 single Texas
Grace Larson daughter female white 1 3/12 single Texas
Mariah Edmondson mother-in-law female white 71 widowed 7, 4 Tennessee
Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
location: Cherokee County, Texas
date: May 12, 1910
Abe L Larson head male white 45 married - 12 years Norway retail grocer
Cora Larson wife female white 31 married - 12 years 7, 4 Texas
Bulah E Larson daugther female white 11 single Texas
Joseph J Larson son male white 9 single Texas
Edward N Larson son male white 7 single Texas
Grace Larson daughter female white 1 3/12 single Texas
Mariah Edmondson mother-in-law female white 71 widowed 7, 4 Tennessee
Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
Abe Larson - 1900 census
1900 census
date: June 19, 1900
location: Cherokee County, Texas
Abraham Larson head white male Feb 1868 32 married - 4 years Norway farm labor
Cora Larson wife white female Oct 1877 22 married - 4 years 2, 1 Texas
Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
date: June 19, 1900
location: Cherokee County, Texas
Abraham Larson head white male Feb 1868 32 married - 4 years Norway farm labor
Cora Larson wife white female Oct 1877 22 married - 4 years 2, 1 Texas
Ancestry.com. 1900 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2004.
Abe Larson and Cora Howell marriage
date: July 12, 1896
location: Cherokee County, Texas
Ancestry.com. Texas, Select County Marriage Index, 1837-1965 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
location: Cherokee County, Texas
Ancestry.com. Texas, Select County Marriage Index, 1837-1965 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014.
Abe Larson - 1920 census
1920 census
location: Cherokee County, Texas
date: January 14, 1920
Abe L Larson head male white 44 married Norway
Cora Lee Larson wife female white 43 married Texas
Beulah Larson daughter female white 21 single Texas
Joe Larson son male white 19 single Texas
Grace Larson daughter female white 11 single Texas
Louie Larson son male white 8 single Texas
Gwendolyn Larson daughter female white 3 single Texas
"United States Census, 1920," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHTS-Z6C : accessed 5 January 2017), Louie Larson in household of Abe L Larson, Justice Precinct 3, Cherokee, Texas, United States; citing ED 25, sheet 7B, line 94, family 156, NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), roll 1786; FHL microfilm 1,821,786.
location: Cherokee County, Texas
date: January 14, 1920
Abe L Larson head male white 44 married Norway
Cora Lee Larson wife female white 43 married Texas
Beulah Larson daughter female white 21 single Texas
Joe Larson son male white 19 single Texas
Grace Larson daughter female white 11 single Texas
Louie Larson son male white 8 single Texas
Gwendolyn Larson daughter female white 3 single Texas
"United States Census, 1920," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MHTS-Z6C : accessed 5 January 2017), Louie Larson in household of Abe L Larson, Justice Precinct 3, Cherokee, Texas, United States; citing ED 25, sheet 7B, line 94, family 156, NARA microfilm publication T625 (Washington D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1992), roll 1786; FHL microfilm 1,821,786.
Richard Earl Kidd birth
location: Henderson County, Texas
date: November 10, 1943
"Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VDP9-CG8 : 1 January 2015), Richard Earl Kidd, 10 Nov 1943; from "Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997," database and images, Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com : 2005); citing Texas Department of State Health Services.
date: November 10, 1943
"Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VDP9-CG8 : 1 January 2015), Richard Earl Kidd, 10 Nov 1943; from "Texas Birth Index, 1903-1997," database and images, Ancestry (http://www.ancestry.com : 2005); citing Texas Department of State Health Services.
Richard Earl Kidd
"Stickhorse"
birth: November 10, 1943
location: New Hope, Henderson County, Texas
death: July 23, 2012
location: Tyler, Smith County, Texas
father: Verdon Kidd
mother: Edna Jo Harrison
spouse: Carol Diane Smart
spouse: Candy Leigh Welch
birth
funeral home card
burial
birth: November 10, 1943
location: New Hope, Henderson County, Texas
death: July 23, 2012
location: Tyler, Smith County, Texas
father: Verdon Kidd
mother: Edna Jo Harrison
spouse: Carol Diane Smart
spouse: Candy Leigh Welch
birth
funeral home card
burial
Wednesday, January 4, 2017
Willie W Sullivan - 1920 census
1920 census
location: Smith County, Mississippi
date: January 28, 1920
Willie W Sullivan head male white 37 married Missisippi
Beula V Sullivan wife female white 36 married Mississippi
Thelma Sullivan daughter female white 14 single Mississippi
Velma Sullivan daughter female white 12 single Mississippi
Wiley P Sullivan son male white 11 single Mississippi
Claud Millis stepson male white 12 single Mississippi
Billie L Millis stepdaughter female white 5 single Mississippi
Angie Wells mother-in-law female white 64 widowed Mississippi
Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
location: Smith County, Mississippi
date: January 28, 1920
Willie W Sullivan head male white 37 married Missisippi
Beula V Sullivan wife female white 36 married Mississippi
Thelma Sullivan daughter female white 14 single Mississippi
Velma Sullivan daughter female white 12 single Mississippi
Wiley P Sullivan son male white 11 single Mississippi
Claud Millis stepson male white 12 single Mississippi
Billie L Millis stepdaughter female white 5 single Mississippi
Angie Wells mother-in-law female white 64 widowed Mississippi
Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
Anna Jane Wells - 1910 census
1910 census
location: Simpson County, Mississippi
date: April 20, 1910
Ana J Wells head female white 54 widowed 9,8 Mississippi housekeeper
Nancy Wells daughter female white 20 single Mississippi
Christon R Wells daughter female white 14 single Mississippi
James R Addcocks boarder male white 21 single Mississippi farm labor
Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
location: Simpson County, Mississippi
date: April 20, 1910
Ana J Wells head female white 54 widowed 9,8 Mississippi housekeeper
Nancy Wells daughter female white 20 single Mississippi
Christon R Wells daughter female white 14 single Mississippi
James R Addcocks boarder male white 21 single Mississippi farm labor
Ancestry.com. 1910 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2006.
Annie Jane Runnels Wells
birth: April 15, 1855
location: Mississippi
death: September 1, 1929
location: Mississippi
father: Elias Runnels
mother: Patience Floyd
spouse: William Wells
1860 census
1870 census
marriage to William Wells - 1871
1880 census
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
burial
children with William Wells:
Mary E Wells - 1872
Martha C Wells - 1874
Bulah V Wells - 1877
Arthur Augustus Wells - 1879
Laura L Wells - 1881
Lula L Wells - 1884
Nancy L Wells 1889
Ollie C Wells - 1894
William H Wells - 1898
location: Mississippi
death: September 1, 1929
location: Mississippi
father: Elias Runnels
mother: Patience Floyd
spouse: William Wells
1860 census
1870 census
marriage to William Wells - 1871
1880 census
1900 census
1910 census
1920 census
burial
children with William Wells:
Mary E Wells - 1872
Martha C Wells - 1874
Bulah V Wells - 1877
Arthur Augustus Wells - 1879
Laura L Wells - 1881
Lula L Wells - 1884
Nancy L Wells 1889
Ollie C Wells - 1894
William H Wells - 1898
Elias Runnels - 1870 census
location: Simpson County, Mississippi
date: June 1870
Elias Runnells 56 male white farmer Mississippi
Patience Runnells 40 female white keeping house Mississippi
Andrew Runnells 21 male white Mississippi
Jane R Runnells 19 female white Mississippi
Manda Runnells 15 female white Mississippi
Martha A Runnells 13 female white Mississippi
Eveline Runnells 17 female white Mississippi
Rachel A Runnells 9 female white Mississippi
Elvinna Runnells 8 female white Mississippi
Authur Runnells 2 male white Mississippi
Year: 1870; Census Place: Beat 2, Simpson, Mississippi; Roll: M593_748; Page: 305A; Image: 66937; Family History Library Film: 552247
date: June 1870
Elias Runnells 56 male white farmer Mississippi
Patience Runnells 40 female white keeping house Mississippi
Andrew Runnells 21 male white Mississippi
Jane R Runnells 19 female white Mississippi
Manda Runnells 15 female white Mississippi
Martha A Runnells 13 female white Mississippi
Eveline Runnells 17 female white Mississippi
Rachel A Runnells 9 female white Mississippi
Elvinna Runnells 8 female white Mississippi
Authur Runnells 2 male white Mississippi
Year: 1870; Census Place: Beat 2, Simpson, Mississippi; Roll: M593_748; Page: 305A; Image: 66937; Family History Library Film: 552247
William Wells and Annie Jane Runnels marriage
Elias Runnels - 1860 census
1860 census
location: Simpson County, Mississippi
date: September 21, 1860
Elias Runnells 40 male farmer
Patience Runnells 35 female
James Runnells 15 male
Samuel Runnells 12 male
Andrew Runnells 10 male
Jane Runnells 8 female
Ervin Runnells 7 male
Anna Runnells 5 female
Martha A Runnells 3 female
Franklin Runnells 30 male farmer
"United States Census, 1860", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6GJ-YFJ : 30 December 2015), Anna Runnells in entry for Elias Runnells, 1860.
location: Simpson County, Mississippi
date: September 21, 1860
Elias Runnells 40 male farmer
Patience Runnells 35 female
James Runnells 15 male
Samuel Runnells 12 male
Andrew Runnells 10 male
Jane Runnells 8 female
Ervin Runnells 7 male
Anna Runnells 5 female
Martha A Runnells 3 female
Franklin Runnells 30 male farmer
"United States Census, 1860", database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M6GJ-YFJ : 30 December 2015), Anna Runnells in entry for Elias Runnells, 1860.
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